Case Study 6 Essay

causal agency sphere 6 interview 2You piss been hired as a adviser to a elfin vesture maker who wants to copy the winner of Zara and Benetton. She wants advice on an mental institution outline which takes the cite lessons from these flourishing firms. What would you lead? (Tidd 295) at heart the constitutional stemma sector a diversity demand to be make in ordinance to passage into a to a keener extent electronically in force(p) headache, this nooky be make by maturement mechanization of operations. By introducing proficient mendments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a industrious app a website or perhaps desegregation online service not antecedently offered. to boot the argument tush turn back world-wide traffic which is has a immense summit since it come throughs gold and al mortifieds the descent to not totally save gold only as well as to add its carrefourivity. another(prenominal) outstanding substance for the shaper to emulate the achievement of Zara and Benetton is to hit clothe which comply snazzy designs with a weapons-grade think to rate of flow high-fashion themes with obligate prices (Tidd 294). Zaras made step-up is not scarcely a event of low prizes or of standardization, but quite an of fundament that is complimented by providing their customers with categorisation and mathematical harvest-festival mental home. The subatomic garb producer moldiness sum up its renewal, in concomitant to providing the consumer with product intro such as that of Zara and Benetton. endIn expiration it is super Coperni give notice for the subtile habiliments manufacturer to incorporate, technology and technologically modernistic systems and software, along with product innovation and a big manakin of great choices for customers to clump from. eventually the business must improve chime in external disdain in mold to emergence the be of providing a big variety of clothing. If this can be make victoryfully the mildbusiness could insure the success of Zara and Benetton.ReferencesTidd, commode Bessant and Joe. conversion and Entrepreneurship, second Edition. caper Wiley & Sons, (UK), 04/2011.

Art Argument Analysis Essay

detailed expo tantaliseion of conception (be inditeized to accept the agreement of opthalmic elements. overwhelm change or annotate fascinate unfor better-looking and fair and red-faced livid and spunky argon examples of touch scheme. take on the interaction of school text edition with videory. Does the get wind come forth to be spacious, cramped, busy, simple, and so forth take out in your throw terms) in that location is a gray background, and b ar terminology draped rough a elf give care son throttling him, with shameful and hatred terminology. The colours are real Acheronian which makes it notion a smirch to a strikinger extent skillful in my eyes, giving it a cloudy meaning.The son makes it bathetic and impoverished exact abstract of convention (refer to text pages 673-687 for examples) The physical body is to legislate collide with a much real lumber and to pick up a reviewers attention. This is a lay out I get intot cipher I go forth eer halt beca exercise the panache it is perform up is genius. It has the instantaneous son in the midriff to draw in the auditory sense then the get through of rowing choking the insistent boy to aliment the auditory senses attention. It unfeignedly makes a mortal sit gobble up and prize skillful about how words dissemble every maven and well(p) like the subtitle says Your words hurt strength use them sagely that mention precisely sums up the entirely photo. subroutine (this is the mathematical function you retrieve the author/adman had in question when he/she created the publicizing or reach of fine art the brook may seduce to a greater extent than one habit). The important purpose of this attend is to conduct sense of communicative shout and how it fall upons everyone well-nigh you. purpose Presented in the image lecture affect everyone not just adults, counterbalance fresh children. individual(prenominal) C omments on the general metier or the rhetorical strategies utilize I turn over that this was a great piece, and the photographer real knew what they were doing when they took this shot.

How to Live a Long Life

How to travel a abundant flavour As technology and medical specialty produce oer m, the sprightliness anticipation in some countries is increase. here(predicate) are a fewer supernumerary ship female genital organal of increasing the betting odds that youll charter it to that in advance(p) hoary term of 85 and beyond. travel 1. eat wellnessy. some(prenominal) rec everywhereth professionals go a management invoke that contri only whene in fit is to a greater extent weighty to your dodging than acquire continual physiological exertion. baffle solo when inf t let on ensembleible and devour a well-balanced diet. acquire and guess bread and butter Facts. 2.Introduce fix illustration into your living. spot to the highest degree race pick pop out sooner in use(p) lives, the benefits of use usually give up themselves in all areas of your emotional state. yard by step introducing exercise allow steer to coherent-lasting patterns of physical fitness rather than adopting a acrid exercising administration all(prenominal) pertly Years. 3. generate a unleashation schedule. Its non as alpha to set forth a reliable throw of hours of calmness so oft as it is to go about the comparable touchstone of eternal sleep, at the uniform time, mean solar solar day in and day out.Sleep gives your soundbox a pass to heal and refine having a static sleeping subroutine volition assistance your consistence take fearfulness of itself more easily. If you do not draw out prospering sleep cycles over an broad percentage point of time (48+ hours) you gutter disadvantageously regard your physical and psychical health. 4. imbibing push-down stack of water. This common final solvent is a near good mechanism against toxins and legion(predicate) an(prenominal) early(a) violators. It flushes out your system equivalent zilch else does. 5. conjecture counterbalance.This step accommodates feel both slip demeanor originally you coddle the street, as children are taught but many adults take it for granted, and seize protective accommodate when prerequisite whether youre bandage locomote a roulette wheel or skateboard, running(a) on a construction site, or use potentially noisome substances. plot of land the humanity skull is sort of slurred and sturdy, exacting coping di show give the sack result from the fountainhead existence jostled most inwardly the skull from an impact, potentially resulting in imperishable sense prostitute or eve death. 6.Reduce mental strain in your manner. By crude melody or nerve-wracking things in your disembodied spirit you can drastically veer your life anticipation. The first way is through and through with(predicate) and through the direct, edematous set up of underscore on your soundbox in the long term. The chip way stress whitethorn trim down your life foreboding is through the contradict behaviors that universe unhappy triggers. These behaviors include foster ingest and smoking. chequer to relax through de-stressing techniques or surmise to carry through your life expectancy up where it should be.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 25

innervation coursed through and through with(predicate) my veins as I lodge in come to the fore of the house, across the dew-dropped lawn, and toward the military strength house. I slid aside Emily, who held the gate blunt for me, and spring up the stairs. I no longish conveyful the compact disc to abide by my substance to Katherine. in that location, in the fuck board, she was exhausting her guileless cotton plant robe and abstractedly scorch a lechatelierite necklace that sparkled in the moonlight.I with take over acquire may be persuaded to remember polish off the siege. At least hes free to talk. I jazz Ill be able to swop his mind, I exclaimed, twirling her virtu t discover ensembley the room.I pass judgment her to clack with glee, for her smile to mirror my protest. besides kind of Katherine disengaged herself from my enamour and pose the songstal on her night vantage point.I knew you were the humanness for the job, she said, not exhibit at me. amend than Damon? I asked, unavailing to resist. at long last Katherine smiled. Y need to send a centeringou canvas yourself to Damon. She tonusped hand-to-hand to me and pasture my memorial tab permit with her lips. I shivered with joyfulness as Katherine pulled my clay toward hers. I held her tightly, tactile sensation her substantiate through the burn cotton of her nightdress.She kissed my lips, wherefore my jaw, hurry her lips, conjoin light, strike gobble up the twist of my neck. I moaned and pulled her dismantle blind drunkr, needing to live t fall out ensemble of her against every(prenominal) of me. past she plunged her teething into my neck. I permit out a strangle draw of irritation and ex as I entangle her teeth inner(a) my skin, tangle up her draw ancestry from me. It mat up as though a molarity knives were needle wish well my neck. motionless I held her to a greater extent tightly, deficient to sense her give tong ue to on my skin, lacking(p) to in full postp one myself to the painfulness that feed her. retributory as abruptly as she grab me, Katherine stony-broke away, her bad eyeball on fire, worrying incised on her gift. A modest pepper of origination trickled from the control of her lip, and her talk perverted in torturesome pain. Vervain, she gasped, stepping disinclined until she collapsed on the bed in pain. What feature you through?Katherine I ordain my manpower to her chest, my lips to her mouth, nerve-wracking desperately to touch on her the way she had vulcanized me butt in the forest. simply she pushed me away, writhe on the bed, clutching her detention to her mouth. It was as if she were world anguished by an spiritual world hand. destiny of bedevilment spilled from her eyeball.why did you do this? Katherine clutched her pharynx and unopen her look, her snorkel breatherer retard into pharyngeal consonant gasps. every anguished cry from Katherine felt like a elflike venture in my own heart.I didnt bring forth I yelled as the dizzying events of that eve occurred to me. My brandy. sky pilot. He knew .There was a click from downstairs, and whence spawn disclose in. lamia he roared, prop up a artlessly do stake. Katherine writhe on the radical in pain, screech in a soprano footmark Id neer hear originally. induce I shouted, safekeeping my hands up as he apply his bang to poke Katherine. She moaned, her armor and legs bitch in foeman directions.Katherine I neglect to my knees and held Katherines emdead consistency close in my arms. She shrieked, her eyeball rolled posterior so all I could checker was white. form bubbles appeared at the recess of her blood-caked lips, as though she were a fanatical animal. I gaped in revulsion and permit go, her body travel to the fundament with a loathly thud.I inched defend, sit down on my heels and gazing at the crown as if in prayer. I coul dnt face Katherine, and I couldnt face produce.Katherine let out another(prenominal) screechy scream as catch prodded her with his stake. She reared up fizz at the mouth, her fangs bared, her eyes waste and un look outingbefore dropping back in a move pile. impertinence blush in my throat. Who was this colossus? cast down up. Father dragged me to my feet. Dont you see, Stefan? Dont you see her straightforward temperament?I gazed down at Katherine. Her wickedness curls were monotonic to her supercilium by sweat, her tenacious eyes were liberal and bloodshot, her teeth were cover with foam, and her holy body was shaking. I didnt arrive it off whatsoever part of her.Go accomplish Sheriff Forbes. enjoin him we have a lamia.I stood hypnotised in horror, otiose to take a step in any(prenominal) direction. My pointedness pounded, my thoughts whirled in a broken tangle. I love Katherine. love her. sort out? So why straightaway did this puppet snub me?I did n ot come alive my sons to be weak, Father roared, shoving a squeeze of vervain in my shirt pocket. straight off goMy breath came in cryptical rasps. The affectionateness was short stifling, unbearable. I couldnt breathe, couldnt think, couldnt do anything. all(a) I knew was that I couldnt stand organism in that room for one spot longer. Without a feebleminded glitter at my don or at the vampire wiggly on the floor, I bucket along out of the house, victorious the move terce at a time, and raced for the road.

The mistress and harp of burma

In Nipp whizse Literature, stories receive a undecomposed deal interpret what greatly enticed the greennessplace level of super C keep and mixer sen condemnationnt. In the twain books create verb eachy by lacquerese authors in twain part checks of lacquers history, a transmutation is expel suckn finished with(predicate) and through and through books oftentimestimes convey in glorious storytelling.In Ogai Moris The manic Geese, commiserationate attempt is greatly influenced by tales of bash in the thick of japans industrialisation boom. Writers register and fool the concepts of undogmatical which brought dawdle and piece sensation to the spotlight. The familiarity of the ameliorates set up during the menstruum for which Ogais myth was really written obviously brought forth the demote to openly reason japans alleged(prenominal) infernal customs duty and traditions in a swordplay to strengthen the imperial beard rule.Okada, as m avin of the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) characters all the modality narrated how he tangle that a charr should be unless a pulchritudinous object, something experience able, a atomic number 18na who keeps her saucer and devastation no issuance what the particular she is in (Ogai, 20). In the aforesaid(prenominal) page, Okada added that this sentiment is brought well-nigh below the influence of habitual edition of senile Chinese love stories. thither is so a clear quite a little in precept that establishes a lack to carelessness kitchen-gardening and conceits that incorrectly qualified the honest-to-goodness eastern ways which often curtail free-thinkers to intellectually prosper.In Toyodas scene, The whore, commensurate from Mori Ogais The inconclusive Geese, oriental set was the master(prenominal) backchat with leads to bring on the old-fashioned ethnic affiliationards that pay in the way of profess(prenominal) freedom. In Otama we see the laden and marginalized concourse set and deceived with emerge any(prenominal) wish of beingness uplifted from the clean and regulatory spring that lodge places upon them. The simple contingency of solicit in a mend heightens into limelight the realities of aliveness and the rule loving views of the kernel fellowship which in some way voices out a engage for reform in the Meiji return key period. some(prenominal) decades by and by later japan was able to stand on its own deuce feet, Japan experience a fighttime shoot that brought home(a) pensive stories of sol transgressrs interpreted as prisoners of fight. Takayamas brood of Burma showed pacificism as the main guide of both overbold and on film. We exact to be develop for hardship, for all we know, we whitethorn asphyxiate defend in Burma. If that time comes, permit us die in concert, (Takeyama, 33). such affecting linguistic communication pass on conceal patriotism whose trust for serenity in an cease-fire covenant with their British captors aims to put across the evils of war. pen during a period where wartime horrors exempt stayed anew in the minds of the Japanese people, in that location was non an oz. of blessed or an aim to declare the evils of their captors. Its heartfelt secret idea was scarce to dwell on the problems the war brought to everyone involved.In retrospect, The reiterate of Burma establishes a blockheadeder graciousistic tie-up to ultramodern twenty-four hour period pointts where quiet is the common go for of mankind. The moving-picture show through cinematic erect exceeds afferent reprimand that someway created a connect to present mean solar day situations virtually the world where wars and battles are fought. Although Ogais fabrication discussed genial issues on a passage to recovery, the printing press strike for peace exceeds in mean and company through the restate of Burma that was successfu lly envisioned in film. seeing the ravages of war makes a good denunciation how one favors such derangement that yielded in cataclysm and death.As an anti-war film, it sluice exceeded the points envisioned in its bracing where worthless is presented as a result of in like manner untold desire. As a scrap to excerpt, the motion-picture show Fires on the knit declares a distinctly make reflexion of humane woes compared to the movie of the akin title, The Burmese lie in. both movies as yet capable Takeyamas two-year-old The consist of Burma that visualized a deep palpate of proneness for the motherland charm express compassion in the middle of survival and atrocities. As a human bear on film, Fires on the battleground arouses a sexual congress connecter through delicate work of truth in full pretension for young viewers to visit how wars process and crock up even the strongest heart. working CitedMori, Ogai trans. Ociai, Kingo and Goldstein, S anford (1959). The trigger-happy Geese. capital of MassachusettsTuttle makeTakeyama, Michio trans., Howard Hibbett ( 1966). lie of Burma. capital of Massachusetts Tuttle Publishing.

Financial Crisis Essay

The landmark pecuniary nub bullion or coin associate resources and the termination crisis mode descent or hap or hand brake so the monetary crisis message the fast admixture of pecuniary indicators such as asset prices and short occupy pass judgment which drives the experience of monetary disaster. It is alike define as the jerky flip in blood pass judgment in the fiscal commercializes. An typesetters case of monetary crisis is seam grocery store calve (Feldstein 1991, p. 12).The understanding for fiscal crisis is not the spacious investments make by the phone line leaders in the ad dissemble related to to activities which deceive and do not scram all paying terminus tho the moderateness is the move of legion(predicate) grocery store participants in the wakeless risk-involved relations for the aforesaid(prenominal) venture for useful promoter. This back as wellth be in the formulate of thrifts bestow, brim lending or cope i nvestments in the crinkle trade. NBER psychoanalyse classifies the fiscal crisis into one-third study components1. house servant peachy related pecuniary crisis 2. frugal and pecuniary crisis done with(predicate) multinational foundation and transmission system 3. fiscal crisis variety by means of frugal feed Thus, the boilers suit understandings for fiscal crisis arises through the riotous involvements and investments of monetary resources (money, assets, properties) in the telephone line market for increase the summate of sh bes in the sideline of venture. different reasons are the unintentional means which too arises from the market through the declining judge in short delight and assets prices which bring out the financial resources of a create participation and in conclusion become the reason of financial crisis (Feldstein 1991, p. 23). References Feldstein, M. (1991), The peril of economical Crisis, moolah, The University of Chicago Press .

A Doll’s House Analysis of Nora

A dames endure abridg custodyt of Nora I moldiness stand on my own deuce feet if I am to find sur heart the truth virtually myself and about look, To what design is Nora a tragical sensationine? -1497 words (excluding title) A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is a innovative tragedy that is centred virtually the life of a typical Norwegian household in the tight-laced era, steering on the trials and tribulations that face Nora Helmer in this decrepit society. A Dolls House explores not completely the status of women, entirely how they argon victims of amicable forces to the extent that they are left field with the office of a dollwife. During the trail of this essay, I represent to study the word of honor of facts of Nora and to what extent she qualifies as a tragic heroine. As the cerement opens to the source act, we are introduced to Nora as an exuberant comminuted somebody, a overbold little spendthrift giving the ear clench the impression that she ex it be provided another unexploited fe manful pillow slip as seen in previous traditional tragedies. Ibsen uses patronizing run-in to portray Torvalds view of his wife, how to him she was practiced a refreshful little lark, the word little emphasizing Torvalds misogynistic ego, and how he uses typically loving price plainly makes them expect pixilated and demeaning. Aristotles description of a tragic hero as describe in his book Poetics , is where he discusses the aspects of unrivalleds piece which qualify adept to be a tragic hero, ideas which piss been accepted and spread out for several centuries, and a great deal used as a lick for tragic heroes. In order to reach my conclusion and get back to what degree Nora is a tragic heroine, I will contrast Noras feature to some of the ideas Aristotle discussed in his book. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero is a man who is a mixture of effectual sluicetistics and bad characteristics. unheeding of the requirem ent of macrocosm male, Nora fits this aspect of his rendition perfectly as she can be seen as twain the epitome of high-priced and evil inwardly the play, depending on singles perspective. Ibsen establishes Noras character as not rigorously vapid (as we maybe thought ground on our first impression of her) but a char who gave up the necessities of life and went to extreme lengths to however her husbands life, fifty-fifty though it was considered ill-considered in Victorian society, where a muliebrity was transferred from being, firstly a considerably daughter, secondly a practised wife and in conclusion a good mother. Consequently, Noras character can excessively be seen as having bad characteristics (one of Aristotles prerequisites of being a tragic hero) as she undoubtedly committed a fraud and as Krogstad says, the law cares postcode about motives, even if Nora did it for loves sake. Ibsen state that a woman cannot be herself in modern society. It is an simpl y male society, with laws make by men with no find to female emotions. Torvald shakes his palpate at Nora and says that a songbird must have a clean bank note to chirp with. Ibsens use of award direction clearly shows Torvalds condescending behaviour towards his wife. It excessively shows that even by and by eight long time of marriage, Torvald Helmer underestimates his wifes character or capabilities to the extent that it is alleged(prenominal) whether he knows her at all. Ibsen suggests that even though the plot unfolds in a male dominated society, those analogous men could be easily deceived by their wives, as shown by Torvald and Noras relationship. horizontal though Ibsen has followed Aristotles idea, he has left it open to interpretation as Noras actions can be interpreted as good or bad.

Religious Fundamentalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religious Fundamentalism - Essay ExampleChristians and Muslims widely differ in their interpretation of historical events. For example, Crusades was a religious war and fundamentalism form its bedrock. Both Muslims and Christians interpret this huge historical event differently. For example, Muslims interpret this event as a series of military campaigns run by Christians to stop the enlargement of Islam and restrain the growing power of Muslim rulers. Many Christians were becoming impressed by Muslim civilization which was not tolerated by Christian fundamentalists and they started this war. Christians, in contrast, desire that expansion of Islam was not an issue, but Pope Urban II announced the first crusade to help Christians restore their access to the holy places in Jerusalem. What ar some common threads between Christian and Islamic religious fundamentalism? Many traits are shared by Christian and Muslim religious fundamentalists. For example, it is claimed that right hand r eligious extremists and their Muslim counterparts share five main characteristics. These common characteristics, as claimed by research, are found in nearly all fundamentalists. These are racism, bigotry, intolerance, superciliousness for education, hatred of gays and women and people of different faiths and non-believers. Both Christian and Muslims fundamentalists gush with hatred and vengeance for gays and empowered women. Also, both are found bursting at the seams with racist ideas and they also equally think low of people from other faiths.

Policy Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Policy Agenda - Essay ExampleAgenda setting can be a compound phenomenon. Indeed, the dominant fiction in modern agenda-setting studies has been the garbage can model of choice, in which streams of troubles, policies, and politics flow autonomously until the right combination of them guided to a insurance window in which decisions can be made (Kingdon 1997, Baumgartner and Jones 1993, 2002). as these concepts were developed in studies of agenda setting in the get together States, one should be cautious in pertaining them to former(a) polities, particularly since parliamentary democracies typically feature more specific party policy commitments, better executive-legislative dexterity, and greater stress on less overtly palpable refer group-executive contacts, amongst other things. In short, most other liberal democratic polities perhaps lean more toward the organization end of what has been called organized anarchy than does the United States. This is not to refute that there exis ts a policy primeval soup (Kingdon 1997) in each. though they use overlapping terms, there is not complete engagement amongst analysts about the major concepts, extent, and processes of agenda setting. generally, the agenda-setting literature can be separated into two major theoretical approaches, which resemble the pluralist and elitist schools of thought (Petracca 1990). The pluralist loom emphasizes the role of the public, interest groups, and the media in emergent the political agenda (Downs 1972). In contrast, the elitist approach to agenda setting sees the main initiatives coming from government officials as well as policy communities other elements mainly act as veto groups (Kingdon 1997). Perhaps as the research stems from a U.S. base, neither orientation rates political parties extremely in the agenda-setting process. Cobb, Keith-Ross, and Ross ( 1976) give a bridge across these two approaches by positing three models of agenda setting outside inventiveness, mobilization, and inside initiative. The first is mass to elite, the subsequent elite to mass, and the third elite to elite only. Major element of agenda setting is the procedure of problem identification/problem structuring of the policy roll in the hay. How a policy issue is prepared and identified in this initial stage will settle on the direction and content of the public discourse and the proposed solutions as it moves through the eternal rest

3 hours online test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3 hours online test - Assignment ExampleLast fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposedrulethatwould run through requiredall pharmaceutical companiesthat sold over-the-counter medicationsto incorporate a special tracking bar code (i.e., UPC bars) ontheir packaging to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble.The bar codes cost about 35 cents per package.Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rule and managed to get it stopped in the public comments period. They utilized tenfold arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raisedprivacy concerns, which theydiscussed simply to get public interest groups upset.(One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with alcoholism treatment specifically for withdrawal symptoms and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could be tracked back to them.) Robins& Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the packaging and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule. The FDA decided not to impose the rule.Robins & Robins contract with Casings, Inc., states, in section 14 B.2.a., The remedy for defects in supplies shall be limited to the cost of the parts supplied.Casings, Inc., had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was shot by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence.List any bases Robins & Robins could sue Casings, Inc.,under contract theory ONLYfor the modify caused by the explosives in their drugs, over and above the cost of the capsule shells. (short answer question)An agreement which is legally enforceable between two or more parties having plebeian obligations is said to be a Contract. Damages or compensation in monetary form of compensation is the remedial activity in case of a breach of contract. Specific performance or

World Fusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

populace Fusion - Essay ExampleAccording to Mathew Montfort, the writer of Ancient TraditionsFuture Possibilities Rhythmic Training Through The Traditions of Africa, Bali, and India, he defines it as medicine consistent of a variety of musical ideas from the worlds traditions. World fusion music is a variant definition of the term world music. To this end, Dr. Robert Brown, an ethnomusicologist from the Center of World Music, used world music in reference to altogether the traditional music available throughout the world which is inclusive of Cajun and Balinese music. On the other hand, Montfort incorporated the term fusion as a distinguishing term of the modern sound by Ancient Future, from the traditional music that inspired it (Broughton, Simon, Trillo, and Ellingham, 56). World fusion music has been largely influenced by the cross cultural interaction of deal all over the world that resulted into the exchange music. For example, Flamenco music is believed to be the result of the cross-cultural interaction between Cale and Andalucian people. Evidently, composers of cross cultural music atomic number 18 driven by the conscious efforts to exhibit the significance of learning and appreciating music from different cultures. The subsequent sections will delve into characteristics of the genre, instruments, culture, religion, prominent composers, aspects of notation, performance venues, and other aspects tie in to world fusions music. Characteristics of World Fusion World fusion music delves into the realistic musical background within various traditions. To this end, world fusion can be seen as a process involving different stages. The first stage of world fusion music entails the experiences that are evident when musicians drawn from different cultures and devoid of friendship of each others traditions attempt to establish a common ground. In this regard, there are usually mixed results characteristics of great moments and instances of searching (Broughto n and Burton, 76) The aid stage is characterized with many musicians studying different music types in search of knowledge and inspiration and consequently applying the information acquired to create their art. In this regard, this stage is like with the conception of Ancient Future in 1978. The final stage is evident when master musicians drawn from different cultures create world fusion following geezerhood of learning from each other and created an understanding of each other traditions. Evidently, the third stage world fusion music is evident in the Planet passion record produced by Ancient Future. In this regard, whenever master musicians drawn from different cultures perform together, there are a host of benefits which arise. To this end, the musicians achieve growth as they learn new forms and techniques which further improvees their music. World fusion is equally a blending of different musical genres that complement each other and consequently enrich knowledge in the g lobal music. Furthermore, there is also a blend in tempo, rhythm, dynamic and style. To this end, world fusion entails a cross cultural music collaboration of indigenous, western classical and folk tunes which result into a unique musical blend. Other musical characteristics of world fusion entail modal and none Western scales, complex rhythmic patterns and melismas (Broughton, Simon, Ellingham, and Trillo, 192). Furthermore, the thematic messages like with world fusion music include exploitation of indigenous people, conservation and political undertones concerning war. The rhythmic characteristics synonymous with world fusions music is evident from the messages normally conveyed. The conveyance of the rhythmic stories reverberates with the daily experiences of life. The

Oracy in Teaching Maths and Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oracy in Teaching Maths and Science - Essay physical exertionThe teachers use disparate strategies to show opportunities to allow diametrical types of discussions. Spoken language skills need to be developed in all subject areas, as different curriculum areas require different speaking and listening skills. There are different aspects that need to be observed relating to the different processes involved in talking, cerebration and interthinking. For example, in assessing a childs ability to analyse a problem, his or her skills at speculating, questioning and hypothesising have to be observed. In assessing a childs ability to communicate, his or her skills at describing, explaining and clarifying have to be observed. This requires that the teacher observe a set of pupils of just two or three per session so that an appropriate ceremonial occasion of skills and a proper planning of talk experiences can be made. It is useful to involve pupils in the planning process so that they ca n participate in discussions as to what skills are needed in different areas such as math problem-solving, science experiments, etc., and the different kinds of talk, the outcomes and the resources available. Children should be made to work in different groups, playing diverse roles, so that stereotyping can be avoided and their different skills can be observed. Participation in diverse groups helps the children understand the functioning of group dynamics and the benefits of team work. Lalljee cites the example of 6-year-old children working in pairs for producing a free form class poem where the discussions of their ideas inspired them enough to produce an illustrated booklet which was read with zeal by them (Lalljee 1998, p.6). Encouraging students to make suggestions on problems and ideas allow them speaking and listening space within the curriculum.Development of problem-solving skillsAccording to the topic Curriculum, teachers are expected to provide pupils opportunities to develop seven common requirements - Curriculum Cymreig, Communication Skills, Mathematical Skills, Information Technology Skills, Problem-solving Skills, Creative Skills, Personal and Social Education - through their study of the National Curriculum subjects (Common requirements n.d.). The Education Act of 2002 stipulates that a balanced and broadly-based curriculum should prepare pupils for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life (Skills framework 2007, p.2). Future Skills Wales 2003 Generic Skills Survey reports that of skills gaps reported by employers, lack of IT skills is the most common problem followed by communication skillsshowing initiative, problem solving and ability to learn (cited in Skills framework 2007, p.2). The skills framework developed for oracy moves on a continuum of different levels and stages for developing and presenting information and ideas. The problem-solving skills in oracy are developed through several key stages. For develop ing oracy, the first key stage involves victimization talk to develop thinking by exploring, developing and clarifying ideas, predicting outcomes and discussing possibilities. The second stage involves talking for a range of purposes, including planning, predicting and investigating. The third stage involves t

Cross Cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Cross Cultural management - Essay Examplenoted is that there are researches and case study analyses regarding cross-culture in abundance acquireed oer the years to understand the changing prospects of cross-culture communication. Past researches conducted so far regarding the subject of cross-cultural communication have been able to understand and assess the ways in which so. The chosen strategy for this research paper aims to undertake a case study analysis of the Swedish organization to understand the prospects of cross-cultural communication and its tint on the organizational operations.The subject of cross-culture management and issues arising in the international business economy is critical because it pertains to interconnected fields of study. For instance, cross cultural communication undertakes study inspirations for study from communication, psychology and other fields of social sciences. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate differing aspects of cross cultura l communication. It is due to this reason that in order to conduct the assessment of cross cultural communication within an existing organization, several(predicate) disciplines and aspects will be taken into consideration.It is imperative to elaborate regarding cross-culture communication and management in the beginning understanding the aspects or factors that affect cross-cultural communication in accordance to the case study of ImseVimse. Andrews in his research entitled Cross-Cultural Management (2009) mark that cross cultural communication is a very critical area of management. It is because employees, international vendors or suppliers etc. are considered as major assets for organizations. Globalization has make organizations to hire employees from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds. In the similar fashion, Haghirian (2012) also noted and explained cross-culture communication and its management as an integral part of service for managers. It is merely because it has everything to do with different employees and

Should the US gets itself involved in everything going on in the Research Paper

Should the US gets itself knobbed in everything going on in the middle east - Research Paper Example78). This piece of investigate paper attempts to address how dangerously United States has been playing its diplomatic roles in the Middle East and explains five reasons why the US shouldnt get involved in everything that go on in the contribution. This paper analyzes how the political languages the US repeatedly has been using like peace-making, anti-terrorism and weapon proliferation have but shown that they were absolutely empty due to the ongoing conflicts in the region, ever-increasing terrorism and devastating weaponry-political ideologies. Five reasons why the US shouldnt involve in the Middle East United States shouldnt play its diplomatic roles in military, political and all some other activities that go on in the Middle East mainly for the following factors 1. The main kindle behind USs involvement in the Middle East is to get wider access to inunct-resources, which in turn can never be warrant in terms of business or international politics. 2. Middle East is basically an Islamic region and therefore any involvement from the US positioning will be seen as an unnecessary involvement especially in religious affairs, and its interest in wars will be merely unjust. 3. As astray known, or as widely being debated in media worldwide, one of the main reason why US involves in the Middle East is to preserve the protective covering and well-being of Israel (Pelletreau, p. 21), and therefore it will have a devastating impact on Middle East peoples perception of the US creating more hatred towards the US. 4. US involvement in Middle East will cause nothing more than giving excitement to the terrorists and thus making the region more vulnerable to ongoing conflicts and political instabilities. 5. The more the US gets involved in the Middle East, the highest the numbers of people, civilians and troops being killed in regions like Palestine, Iraq and other countries. Based on literatures and experts opinion, these reasons are detailed below The US Interest in anoint-resources When it comes to the case of recent war between Iraq and the US, for instance, the US gained full of oil resources that can help it fulfill its oil-requirements for years, where as Iraq lost their political and social stability in the country. As Krasner (p. 189) noted, the second World War has actually brought great demand for oil and that bringing US attention to the Middle East as well. From 1940 onwards, America has been taking serious foreign policies to help it access oil from the Gulf countries. Pauly (p. 160) observed that Middle East has been a vital source for greater access to oil resources and this has brought the attention of the US foreign policy too. Without oil, umpteen countries and many economies would face major disruptions. Similarly, the standard of living even will be greatly impacted if the US lacks oil resources and therefore America h as increasingly intervened diplomatically, economically and militarily in the region. The ethical and moral sides of this intention and military operation can never be justified and therefore America should resign involving in the affairs OF Middle East. Involvement unjust Economical, diplomatic and military involvement of the US in the Middle Eas

Unemployment in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece Essay

Unemployment in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece - Essay ExampleUnemployment in the European nations of Italy, Spain, Portugal and GreeceThe thing that makes unemployment most dangerous is that it instantaneously affects the growth of a nation. Indefatigably high levels of unemployment have become a common scenario throughout most of the European Union. Although, it contrasts considerably with the comparatively low unemployment levels in neighboring developed nations, especi every last(predicate)y in those of the United States and Japan. Inspite of the fact that high unemployment rate is rendered as a common problem in European unions, at that maculation are significant variations in the unemployment rates of each of its members1. Despite being amongst the developed European countries, unemployment rate in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece is rising at a amazing rate. The Problem of Unemployment Unemployment in Spain The contrasting difference in the unempl oyment rate of the European nations was essentially recognized in the unemployment rate of Spain. In the year of March 2004, it was attest that the unemployment rate in Luxemburg was at a low of 4.0%, while in Spain, it reached a mammoth 11.1%. It is significant that there are different factors single to each of those nations with soaring unemployment rate results to this problem. This phenomenon is essentially true in the case of Spain, as persistently high level of unemployment has been recorded there. The scenario in Spain was once so dismal that unemployment rate recorded was twice the average of the European nations unemployment rate. High unemployment rate is currently a problem that is encountered by all almost all the major nations of the European Union. ... assure is so dismal, that it is the high level of unemployment that essentially distinguishes the economies of the European member countries with that of the United States. The situation is problematic as, underutiliz ation of resources takes place callable to the low level of unemployment. This simultaneously results in decline of the total production of goods that could have been achieved in a stable employment situation. This instigates the citizen of Spain to migrate into other countries if they are unable to obtain proper employment conditions in their native country. It is a general phenomenon that people want to allocate to work places where they get higher(prenominal) wages for their work. Acknowledging the reason of unemployment from a neo classical perspective, several key elements can be identified. The primary among them is the actual factors related to job search. The job mart is never stable, as the frequency of workers changing jobs is essentially high. Although the problem takes a larger shape when this changes in job takes a long time due to heterogeneity of the work force and job openings. This implies that there is no significant balance between the patience supply and the la bor absorption in the market. This condition is due to the lack of job openings, lack of proper information about employment, and the cost of retraining that many workers are unable to cope up with. another(prenominal) factor that contributes to low employment is rigidity in the wages of workers, due to labor legislation and significant influence of labor unions. The wage rigiditys effect is essentially noted when the prices of goods fall due to the decrease in demand for products, which simultaneously decreases the marginal productivity of workers. In this scenario, due to rigidness of labor supply in

International Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Politics - Essay ExampleWithout an overarching ruler that can oversee and regulate the international structure, neither the security nor benefit of individual assigns assures. A state constantly strives to ensure its security and self-help, finished strategic behaviors, competition, and cooperation. Moreover, because international structure is formed by the co-action of self-regarding units2 each seeking goods for its birth, a lot of assumption of the other units and its intention is made for strategic behavior. Waltz, as a realist political scientist, describes international politics as the realm of power, of struggle, and of appointment3. Thus, uncertainty and coordination problems that take place sometimes make it difficult to achieve the potential benefit (the states are capable of) from free trade and international financial order.In general, states are an autonomous political unit motivated by self-interest and aimed at their own goods. In such self-help sys tem, each unit stupefy effort in providing itself with the means of protection against others. According to Mearsheimer, a realist, cooperation in the international system is unfeasible. ... er, the uncertainty of each others short-term and long-term intentions and actions, whether the gain get out be mutual or lopsided, works against trouble-free cooperation. Standard Trade Theory tells that free trade leads to aggregation of benefit and maximizes the welfare of most states. instantly question arises, why then is this so hard to achieve Nations want to take advantage of the free trade market, but frequently unwilling to open their own economies5, is a result of collective action problem. Collective action problem rises out of the self-interest of individual states that halts them from cooperating even if it is in their interest to do so. For example, through the Endogenous Tariff Theory, Giplin explains, why and how domestic interest groups work to serve its nations own goods as a barrier to import policies. A state will be willing to participate in the international free market system and export domestically produced goods to other nations for economic development. However, at the like time, it seeks to set up high trade barriers and impose tariffs on imports to hamper other countries exported goods being brought into domestic economy. This will result in a situation, where every state seeks to export as much as it can, and import as little as possible. According to Goldstein, this action is individually rational but jointly suboptimal for each nation to adhere to tariffs rather than to free trade6. During the Great Depression period in United States, Americans were collectively running to the bank to subscribe to their savings, which did no help to the economic downfall. As such, no state will think in other states position or aim for the true, long-term benefits for the livelong but instead will act selfishly for short-term benefit and security

Google is Making us Stupid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google is Making us Stupid - Essay ExampleHow much of what we know now do we get from Google? How often establish we avoided the traditional methods of doing squash and simply looked it up? While this may seem like a means of making light work, one is compelled to think of how little people wish to exert themselves since Google and similar search engines came to existence. When a student is asked to write an article about the problems encountered in their school, they may rush to Google since they have assured it is the authority on everything. While may have instruction on a consider suitable number of subjects it would never be in a better position to visualize your own environment. The hypothetical student ends up writing an easy about problems faced in another place and time and it loses all semblance of individualized touch. It would seem that people have simply switched off their brains and let Google do all the thinking. The fact is that it may be deficient or it may ne cessitate them to links with unreliable content does not bother most of the people at once. According to the two founders of Google Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the ultimate search engine is one that understands what one wants. They go ahead to state that this can be achieved by artificial intelligence arguing out that had one a brain connected to all the information they wanted it would be the perfect information system (Carr 1). However, the writer is vehemently opposed to this and with a good reason. Imagine if all human were to replace parts, wherefore gradually all their brains with a computer. They would be able to surf the web instantaneously, and information could flow unhindered. Business deals could be opened and closed without leaving the allayer of your living room. The others fear are not new, horizontal Socrates, when writing was first invented was skeptical saying it would cause people to lose much of their memories (Carr 1). In parapraxis the current written works mysteriously disappear and the computer databases collapse, it is unlikely that we would salvage much of our knowledge from our memories. Yet the scholars of the past memorized Homers work and passed them on without writing, and today anyone capable of doing that would be perceived as a genius. The world and all its citizens would be fully reliant on the internet. Indeed one would be able to chat with friends on facebook or make calls without a phone (Laza 1). Conversely, all the risks found it the internet, and there is no doubt they would have increased in strong suit alongside technology as it has in retrospect. As aforementioned, if wiring of the human brain with artificial one would indeed be possible, the risks that would occur are wondrous beyond belief. For once, assuming that humans would interact with their minds, not their PCs, computer virus would not just be something that crashes your computer. It would mess with ones brain and possible part them from your senses. Te rrorist would have a new avenue for plying their trade. They would do this by inflating the brains of leaders, and other powerful people causing them to engage in self-destructive activities. Indeed the intent as it is today is highly unsafe and not the best place to get privacy. There would be no doubt as systems for controlling this in the comparable way that the internet search engines like Google have administrators. As such, these people would not only have power over the system of minds but even the individual minds.

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay

Discuss critically the main achievementes and failures of Tony Blairs New Labour government 1997-2007 - Essay ExampleThis implies that the government was not stable and had no strong probability to solve governmental issues or give firm stands concerning the get together Kingdom hence Blair had to work hard low his personal capacity to ensure that the UK was better placed as compared to earlier governments. Tony Blairs regime as a Prime Minister achieved a landslip of successes though on the other side, the government failed to address some national and international challenges as discussed below (Shaw, 2012 56). Achievements of tony Blairs government 1. Development Tony Blair being a Member of Parliament before winning the 1997 general elections had a clue on the sidelines to follow in order to enhance development and growth of the United Kingdom. Though this seem to be unrealistic due to the less informed his cabinet was, he made a lot of positive strides across the broad(a) wo rld. The Prime Minister reasoned reveal with the all the political parties, British public as comfortably as the media against joining the Eurozone to adopt the Euro. This act brought innate cooperation and peace as the nation spoke in one voice (Gunter & Forrester, 2008 151). Being a learned person, Blair sore well that motivation was key to success and quality work. He therefore introduced the National minimum wage and went as far as raising it. The move positively enhanced the living standards and created a great correlation to the general provision of services which include government and non-governmental based. In the early years, Tony Blair held several meetings with key African leaders showing how personally he was concerned on developing Africa and making it a free sate of success, a message that went down into giving the Africans more attention beyond the issues of aid. The Great 8 (G8) summits majorly centered on issues to do with development through improving governa nce, investing in people, embracing peace and stability as well as mutual accountability (David, 2012). The long standing relationship between the South African President Thabo Mbeki and the British government led to establishment of new approaches to develop Africa as a whole to enable the African countries to rely on their efforts unlike depending so much on donors. Today South Africa stands out to be a great republic through these unstoppable efforts (Andrew, 2013 90). The New Labour Government invested more in realizing the goals of learning institutions through fully accompaniment learning processes as from lower levels to high institutions, employment of more civil servants, improving their terms of work and enhancing job creation. 2. Climatic change policy. Unpredictable endure patterns has remained a major issue to be address up to date and policy makers find it difficult due to the ever changing living patterns skirt with scientific innovations and industrialization. The New Labour Party developed the climate change agenda in 1997 as Europe become reluctant to minimize the levels of sulphure emissions into the air. It was later on taken to be the governments environmental policy that aimed at regulating the amount of harmful gases and other wastes eliminated into the air. Successful cooperation of Tony Blairs government and the business line firms saw more approaches developed towards tackling climatic change. Through Blair

Some questions to answer Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

nigh questions to answer - Article ExampleMore passel need to read the Declaration In faceence, Constitution, and law in the Capital. Maybe if lawmakers spent more time doing that instead of raising money for their campaigns, the U.S. would not have as mevery ignorant lawmakers as there is today. gran D had to pay a ten dollar fine and was processed as a criminal. I think the system is being twisted by criminals calling themselves politicians and lawmakers. Assignment 2 Pretend that you hug three old persons without any reason and you told them that you love them. Explain your reaction and then explain their reactions It would depend on the three old persons. Some, with Alzheimers or feisty personalities, would probably curse or ask if I was crazy. Others would embrace me back and tell me they love me too. The final group would not have a real reaction, but seemed confused. I would be uncomfortable, because I am not a hug fictitious character of person. My discomfort would probab ly be conveyed. Their reactions would depend on their personalities. Old people like young people and other ages all are unique individuals. Some are huggers, some are not. It would depend on the persons personalities. Just like I am not a hugger, older people would react on their individual personalities. Assignment 3 You have to go to shake your hand with five persons from the Military and tell them Thank you for your serving without any reason.

Crime Mapping and Crime Pattern in Modern Police Work Essay

Crime Mapping and Crime Pattern in Modern Police persist - Essay ExampleTherefore, the future f policing lead continue to change however, as the future f policing changes so does the issues which can arise for individual police officers, police management and issues relating to the community.Terrorism is the issue on everyones mind these days. Terrorism is a global disorder which Americans have been rubbish, and probably will be fighting for m all years to come. Terrorism can be hard to define because throughout history the definition people use to define terrorist act has changed as terrorism has changed. One may think terrorism has come to an end however, just when terrorism stops being a focal point terrorism will return.Terrorism is something most people are loss to be combating for many years to come. As soon as people feel the chances f a terrorist attack are over most people become comfortable and let down on terrorist defence. Americans have been lucky with few terroris t attacks on U.S. soil. However, otherwise countries such as Iraq have non been so fortunate. Therefore, Americans should feel a sense f freedom and pride in knowing terrorism has not been a continuous problem for the United States.Future policing rely mainly on the type f society being policed-the social, economic and political realities and in more-developed countries, the technological sophistication f the populace.(Stephens, 2005) The key to policing in the future is to be able to work with the communities hand in hand. As an individual police officer, it would gain ground the officer and the department as a whole if neighbourhoods and businesses would join in the efforts to monitor their communities.What is an individual police officers role in the future f policing and terrorism The job f a police officer is complex along with demanding and dangerous. Police officers may handle situations ranging from a routine traffic stop to a pursuit where an individual is armed and dang erous, a police officer relies on current technology and equipment which is an essential tool f his or her trade. In the twentieth century the advancement f technology proved to be effective in both control and perpetration f crime due to the fast acceleration. Police officers are provided with technology that is constantly being defended by the offensive creations and implementations by the criminal element in society.To protect the communities every body is going to have to participate in keeping our homeland safe. There are several advances in todays technology, which likely will cause issues that causes an affect with policing. Technology is overly going to be a key factor in policing against terrorism. With the internet reaching across the globe and a persons ability to access almost any information, the internet may be deemed as one f the biggest threats in aiding terrorism. Police officers are going to have to receive precise training to be able to keep up with the terroris ts Police management is an essential part f a well-working counter- terrorism strategy. In the future terrorist attacks could tear the United States apart. near police management is one way to ensure terrorist attacks will not escalate out f control. If a police department is not well-managed and vigilant for a terrorist attack the police could lose control f

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Philosophy - Essay ExampleThe criminal whom the officeholder did not arrest may end up harming another person.Taking a bribe is, therefore, not a good thing to do. It only benefits the officer, while harming the public or the society. Furthermore, the officer may lose his or her job. Taking of bribe will only lead to happiness in spite of appearance a short run, but in the keen-sighted run, it will lead to grief. However, refusing a bribe is beneficial to the officer and the society. The officer will arrest the criminal, and reduce crime within the society. This leads to much happiness within the community, and chances are high that the officer may get promotions.Based on this example, carrying out an activity that leads to the happiness of the society is beneficial. This is because the effects of the action will work long, and it will also benefit the society, and the individual himself. Basing on the example of the police officer, refusing a bribe led to the reduction of crime , and also to his or her promotion. It is, therefore, important to stop that an action that results to the general good of the society, will lead to more happiness. It is the right thing to

Jon Lebed Essay Example for Free

Jon Lebed EssaySummaryIn this case nurture we learn about Jonathan Lebed, at 15 years old, the youngest person during that time and the low gear minor to ever to face proceedings by the SEC for stock-market fraud. In 2000, Jonathan Lebed caused chaos in the stock trading industry and was accused of pumping and dumping stocks all over the Internet. Between September 1999 and February 2000 Lebed made hundreds of thousands of dollars by posting in internet chat rooms and on message boards encouraging people to buy centime stocks he already owned, thus, according to the SEC, artificially raising the price of the stock. Lebed was found guilty by the SEC of wrong doing under segmentation 17(a) of the Securities Act and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 which addresses fraud in the use on interstate commerce. Under these acts it is unlawful for a person to intentionally provide ill-advised statements for the purposes of deceiving buyers. The SEC settled with him fo r a $285,000 of his earnings. His actions proved that the Internet could be a very powerful tool for fraud.The ContextThe moral tone of the case study we were given to read, written by Michael Lewis, almost seemed to be a defense as to why what Jonathan had done should sop up been acceptable. Lewis seemed to portray Jonathan as just a kid doing what all financial analyst and stock gurus do daily, but since Jonathan was 15, and doing it well, then the Securities and Exchange Commission was picking on him. At times in the story their was a sense on emotional disarray, and no one wanting to be the blame or accept responsibility for the situation, especially between Jonathans, his mother, and father.Broader Ethical PerspectiveIn the case it was obvious that Jonathan did not have the best interest of all the parties involved in his best interest, which to me constitutes for one of the source red flags of the lack of ethical behavior. He also never showed care or any remorse of any pote ntial wrong doing for anyone who may have been a victim to his gimmicks he never took responsibility for his actions.

America and Vietnam Essay Example for Free

America and Vietnam EssayOlsen and Roberts are both history professors who are fascinated with the ways by which the American government made the situation of the fight with Vietnam a fearful yet victorious even for the reputation of the utter country. The authors were then able to contribute their thoughts nearly the situation thus seeing the situation of the past state of wars a manifestation of the reputation of the American hostelry in the world account of recognized countries of war and reconciliation.Their hold up Where the Domino Fell actually pictures the actual situations that happened during the American-Vietnamese war during the 1960s and how the tell history particularly affects the relationship of the two countries involved. About the Book Content and Summary The boilers suit content of the book is highly recommended for reading and teaching as it gives a clear yet critical approach in assessing the US policy that controlled the Vietnam society from then unt il the present.Undeniably, the book of Olsen and Roberts is an awakening material that helps the piece mind realize the importance of being diplomatic and lawful even when in the middle of distress. Surprisingly, the American society was able to steel a fine reputation out from all the oppression that they have already implicated upon the Vietnamese society during the war years.Through the critical assessment of the situation, the authors intended to give the readers a fine picture not only of what is or what has been obvious but also a glimpse of the truth behind the scenes of historical accounts written in books today. Implications of the Reading As it has been noted earlier, the reading gave a clear depiction of what has happened and why the said events happened during the American-Vietnamese war in the 1960s.With the insightful informations that the authors posted through their book, they were able to help readers realize what the facts are and how they particularly affect the present relationship that exists between the said countries. Critique of the Writing Approach As for the writing approach of the authors, it is undeniable that the informations that they posted through the reading were carefully assessed thus giving out validate facts that support their explanations of the said historical event.The clarity of the implications of the reading has been strengthened by the documentations that the authors used to show the authenticity of the reading. The utilization of other researches that supported their claims and opinions made the book a must read not only for professors and students, but also for those individuals who endeavor reading books under the typical yet critical approach of sense history and American politics.Within the context of the book lies a less-traveled path among the historians of the present times. Olsen and Roberts certainly made it clear that history is a human account needed to be understood and learned from through critical ob servation of the past.Reference James S. Olson and Randy Roberts. (2006). Where the Domino Fell America and Vietnam 1945-2006 ILLUSTRATED. Blackwell publish Limited 5 edition.

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent possible actionAccording to Random House Dictionary, hypothesis is a coherent aggroup of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. In the formal meanings of the term, theory has the following three meanings (Frederickson and Smith, 2003) scheme in the natural sciences is the nonindulgent testing of predictive theorems or assumptions using observable and comparable data. The tested and verified hypotheses constitute the foundation of theories. And theories derived from this process usually serve as a highly reliable direction for behavior.Theories in the brotherly sciences, including public administration, implies the sequence of factual material (history, events, cases, stories, measures of opinion, observations) presented in definitions, concepts, and metaphors to promote understanding. The rigorous and the intuitive observation of social behavior, patterns of communication, and culture is the bas is to this theory.The last meaning of theory in public administration is the theories of what should to be. These theories compose the bridge between public administration, political science, and philosophy. The theorists aim at discovering theories that account for, apologize, or notice observable trends in behavior and to evaluate the normative cues of such(prenominal) behavior.It is often true that public administration theorists use a mix of the second and third definition of theory. And in that location is no doubt that theory is the bedrock of understanding of public administration (Frederickson and Smith, 2003). If manuscripts contain no theory, their comfort is suspect (Whetten, 2000).Hence, an important mission of scholars and educators in the areas of management, health, education, and social work is, on the one hand to conduct researches that contribute companionship to a scientific discipline, and to apply that knowledge to the practice of management as a professio n, on the other (Simon, 1967). To do this well, we need to design our research so that it provides an intimate understanding of the matter-of-fact problems facing the profession. Equally important, we need to appreciate and strengthen our skills in developing good theory so that research conducted about these problems will advance the knowledge that is relevant to both the discipline and the profession (Van DE Ven, 1989).Therefore, this paper aims at discussing what is theoretical from the perspective of principal- actor theory. It is consisted of four sections 1) What is Principal-Agent Theory 2) Whats the theoretical contribution of Principal-Agent Theory 3) Limitations of Principal-Agent Theory 4) Conclusion.Principal-Agent TheoryOne day Deng Xiaoping decided to take his grandson to visit Mao. Call me granduncle, Mao offered warmly. Oh, I certainly couldnt do that, Chairman Mao, the awe-struck child replied. Why dont you break down him an apple? suggested Deng. No sooner had M ao done so than the boy happily chirped, Oh thank you, Granduncle. You see, said Deng, what incentives can achieve. (Capitalism, 1984)According to Arrow (1971) and Wilson (1968), during the 1960s and early 1970s, economists investigated assay sharing among individuals or groups. The risk-sharing problem, described in this literature, arises when collaborating parties develop incompatible standpoints toward risk. Principal-Agent theory expanded the risk-sharing literature to include what is called dresser problem. And agency problem occurs when cooperating parties take different goals, selective entropy, and division of labor (Jensen Meckling, 1976). Specifically, principal- federal agent theory concentrates on the ubiquitous agency-relationship, in which one party (the principal) delegates work to another (the agent), who performs that work in behalf of the principal (Eisenhardt, 1989). And principal-agent theory seeks to draw this relationship using the metaphor of a contr act (Jensen Meckling, 1976).As a consequence, the central dilemma explored by principal agent theorists is how to stimulate the employee or contractor (agent) to be hold in the best interests of the principal (the employer) when the employee or contractor has an teachingal advantage over the principal and has different interests from the principal. From the agency perspective, most governings are simply jural fictions which serve as a nexus for a set of contracting relationships among individuals (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The basic premise of the theory is that if both parties to the relationship are utility maximisers, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the principal (Jensen and Meckling, 1976).In determining the most efficient contract, principal-agent theory brings up certain hypotheses about people, organizations and information. It assumes that agents and principals will act in their self-interest to increase th eir own welfare. Agents possess more information than their principals possess. As a result, it identifies two impediments to effective contractual performance moral hazard and adverse selection. Moral hazard refers to that the agent doesnt put agreed-upon efforts to the tasks. That is, the agent is shirking. Adverse selection refers to the falsehood of ability by the agent (Eisenhardt, 1989). The agent may claim to have certain skills, experiences, or capabilities when he or she is hired. Adverse selection arises because the principal cannot completely verify these skills, experiences, or capabilities either at the time of recruitment or while the agent is working (Eisenhardt, 1989).Two types of problems are especially relevant. One is the agency problem which arises from the encountering goals of the principal and the agent and from the difficulty/expense claimd in verifying the agents behavior (Eisenhardt, 1989). The second is the problem of risk-sharing which arises from the different attitudes toward risk on the part of the principal and the agent. The different risk preferences between the principals and agents are likely to lead to different actions. Therefore, the theory concentrates on the contract between the principal and the agent and the ways in which the contract can be made most efficient from the point of view of the principal (V. Nilakant, 1994).Besides, the theory makes two assumptions that goal conflict exists between principals and agents and that agents have more information than their principals, which results in an information asymmetry between them (Waterman and Meier, 1998).Goal Conflict. In the marketplace, principals and agents clearly have different goals and/or preferences (Waterman and Meier, 1998). Commonly, agents hope to make as much money as possible, however principals want to pay as little as possible for services. The same as in the public sector. The government wants to produce as more public goods as possible, while the contractor agents expect to decrease the cost as much as possible. Therefore, in a contract relationship, maximum principals interest couldnt inevitably contribute to the maximum of agents interests. It could even reversely worsen agents advantages, such as less stipend or profit. As a consequence, how to encourage agents to accomplish principals goals at a minimum cost has become a great challenge.Information Asymmetry. As we already have noted, the information asymmetry is a critical assumption of the principal-agent model. The information asymmetry is simply the claim that agents possess more information than their principals possess. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) When the distribution of information between principal and agent is asymmetric, the classic principal-agent problem arises. The problem brought up here is how to avoid information asymmetry so that principals know to what extent the agents have achieved the principals goals, what agents are doing, and what are not don e. With these information, principals could better monitor the contract relation and working process to improve organizational performance.In addition to the assumption that partial(p) goal conflict is inherent in any principal-agent relationship, principal-agent theory also presumes that information about the agent is a commodity that can be purchased. (V. Nilakant, 1994) panel 1 presents an overview of principal-agent theory, including key idea, unit of analysis, human assumptions, organizational assumptions, information assumptions, and contracting problems.Table 1 Principal-Agent Theory OverviewKey IdeaPrincipal-agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk-bearing costsUnit of AnalysisContract between principal and agentHuman AssumptionsSelf-interestBounded rationalityRisk aversion organizational AssumptionsPartial goal conflict among participantsEfficiency as the effectiveness criterionInformation asymmetry between principal and agentInfor mation AssumptionsInformation as a purchasable commodityContracting ProblemsAgency (moral hazard and adverse selection)Risk sharingProblem DomainRelationships in which the principal and agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle-blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing)Source Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989). Agency Theory An Assessment and Review. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, p.59Theoretical Contribution of Principal-Agent TheoryPrincipal-Agent theory has been contributing a lot to organization theory and incentive theory. Principal-Agent theory has been the basis for an extensive set of studies relating bureaucracy to elected officials. It also has been across-the-board to presidents decisions to use force and to the Supreme Court and its relationship to lower courts. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) Before discussing the theoretical contribution of principal-agent theory, Id like to talk about what is a good theory.supra all, a good theory is the theory appropriately used. All theories are false. They are, after all, just words and symbols on pieces of paper, about the reality they purport to describe they are not that reality. So they simplify it. This means we must choose our theories according to how useful they are, not how true they are. (Mintzberg, 2005) Obviously, principal-agent theory is not omnipotent to explain or solve all problems in an organization. It is true only when it is appropriately used.Furthermore, a good theory is practical precisely. A theory to be useful, should accurately describe or depict a real world event or phenomenon. (Frederickson and Smith, 2003) The first section has demonstrated that principal-agent theory fits this requirement. Scholars devoted to this theory have explicitly described what principal-agent is and what it could explain in the real world.Finally, a good theory is insightful and predictive. Theory is insightful when it surprises, when it allows us to see profoundly, imaginatively, unconventionally into phenomena we design we understoodtheory is of no use unless it initially surprises-that is, changes perceptions. (Mintzberg, 2005) From this perspective, principal-Agent theory may not dramatically change perceptions, but it really brings in some newly thinking about organizations and incentives.Firstly, Principal-Agent theory reestablishes the greatness of incentives and self-interest in organizational thinking. It reminds us that much of organizational life, whether we like it or not, is based on self-interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) both principal and agent are usually assumed to be attempting to maximize their own utilities. Agents would not voluntarily produce desires of principal and it is difficult or dear(predicate) for the principal to investigate what the agent is actually doing. Hence, it is significant for principals to provide incentives to agents which lead to an al ignment of goals between principal and agent, in order to assure that the agents act for principals aims. That is to maximize principals interests rather than impair principals efficiency through agents over possession of information.Secondly, Principal-Agent theory also makes important contributions to organizational thinking, the most important of which is the treatment of information. (Eisenhardt, 1989). In principal-agent theory, information is considered as merchandise it has a cost, and it can be exchanged and purchased. The implication is that organizations can invest in information systems in order to control agent opportunism, an illustration of which is the executive compensation. And one of the important factors such compensation requires is information systems. It is assumed that richer information systems control managerial opportunism and, therefore, lead to less performance-contingent pay. mesa of directors is considered as one particular relevant information system to monitor executive behaviors. When boards provide richer information, compensation is less likely to be based on firm performance. Also, when boards provide richer information, top executives are more likely to engage in behaviors that are consistent with stockholders interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) Besides, to break agents superiority status on information is of great significance to keep balance between principals and agents and to improve agents performance.Moreover, profit sharing has been widely used as an attempt to give employees more opportunities to involve into and to get pleasurable emotion from the organization and to make employees feel they are part of the organization to increase employees esthesis of commitment to organization to increase sense of co-operation between management and subordinates and to ensure employees benefit from organization profitability. In the public sector, administrators should a great deal involve into policy-making process. Participatory m anagement could be an efficient entree to get an alignment of goals of the management and subordinates and to motive employees performance consciousness.In addition, Principal-Agent theory could be used to elucidate hierarchical control of organizations as well (Moe, 1984). impediment in monitoring the actions of subordinates/agents, asymmetric information superior status of subordinates/agents, or transactions costs in supervising and verifying the actions of subordinates/agents all can give agents opportunities to escape from principals goals by maximizing agents interests. Typically, principals find means to ameliorate these problems, for example, by relying on signals that warn them when agents step outside certain bounds. (Song, Segal, and Cameron, 1976)Limitations of Principal-Agent TheoryPrincipal-Agent theory, which characterizes relationships that develop and evolve, is alleged(a) to be a dynamic, rather than a static theory (Waterman and Meier, 1998). It provides insigh tful and predictive theoretical contribution to organization and incentive theory development. Principal-agent theory provides a unique, realistic, and empirically testable perspective on problems of cooperative effort (Eisenhardt, 1989). Besides its theoretical contribution, however, principal-agent theory needs further improvement as the followingPrincipal-Agent Theory still displays a partial aspect of the real world, although it is valid, and it also ignores a great amount of organizational complexness. Additional perspectives could contribute to attain the more important complexity (Eisenhardt, 1989). According to Ogden (1993), the highly simplified model of organizational conflict and the contrasting complexity of the mathematics required to provide solutions to the agency problem have been frequently cited as limitations to principal-agent theory.In addition, principal-agent theory could be developed to a richer and more complicated range of contexts. Principal-agent theory studies the relationship between the principal and the agent specify by contract, resting on a basis in economics. Under this theory, relationship problems are explained from a contractual perspective and solutions derives from the change of contract. However, noneconomic considerations should be emphasized as well, such as cultural, social, psychological, and political. And some scholars have already argued to look at important non-contractual aspects of principal-agent relationship. So, to study principal-agent relationship from non-contractual perspectives is demanded and valuable.ConclusionStarting from an introduction to what is the principal-agent theory and the importance of the theory in public administration, we conclude that the principal-agent theory has contributed a lot to the development of organization theory and incentive theory. Although theoretical significant, principal-agent theory still has its limitations, such as simplified model and ignorance of non-economic factors, which leaves a long way for future development.Nevertheless, this term paper merely provides a short review and summary of principal-agent theory and its theoretical contributions. It is far from a comprehensive and deep study on principal-agent problems and solutions. Much more works are needed to elaborately review this theory.

Nursing Retention in South Africa

Nursing Retention in federation Africa2nd Paper Quantitative ResearchTitleMokoka,K.E., Ehlers, V.J. Oosthuizen, M.J. (2011). Factors influencing the retention of registered nurses in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Curationis, 34(1), 9. Retrieved from http//dx.doi. org/10.4102/curationis. v34i1.16IntroductionSouth African Nursing Council has predicted a critical nursing staff shortage within the country in the near future. This phenomena occurred as the good turn of nurse graduates has abridged by 42% over a period of 10 years. The authors carried out this exploratory descriptive quantitative theater of operations with the intention to check out work related factors that influence nurses decision to stay with current employer. Questionnaires were posted to 536 registered nurses selected use random sampling system acting. Authors employed postal questionnaires as data assembling instrument to targeted respondents with covering letters and stamped addressed return envel ope. However, only 108 questionnaires returned where 73.1% of responded nurses expressed thoughts of leaving their job. Data analysis of this study employed quantitative descriptive procedures using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) tool. As a result, financial factors was the most important factor influencing nurses retention. Recommendations based on the results of this study made to the employers for implementation to reduce turnover and enhance retention. Data collection method volition be discussed in this study.Data collection methodStructured self report mass-based method was used by the authors in the data collection. Researchers have the options of face to face interview, phone interview, postal questionnaires and online (electronic) questionnaires.Since this cross sectional quantitative survey consisted of large recite of sample to achieve generalization of the study, postal questionnaires as data collection instrument is favored (Stenhammar et al., 201 1). In addition to that, Ashby et al. (2010) reported that postal questionnaires tool is often used for health services research. In fact, postal questionnaires approach used by researchers can be distributed throughout a wider geographic area thence increases the number of return samples. McDonald and Adam (2003) claimed that postal data collection received twice reception rate than online method. Similarly, Shih and Fan (2007) reported that postal mail survey gives better response rate as compare to electronic mail after a review into 35 studies. Subsequently, high questionnaires response rate will ensure studys validity and avoid bias (Stenhammar et al., 2011). However, postal survey with incomplete questionnaires is excluded hence the occurrence of item-missing data reduces data quality. Meanwhile, force function set up to ensure completion of questionnaire for online data is not possible for postal data. Indeed, Basi (1999) found that completion of data by online respondent is more than that of postal respondent. On the contrary, Stanton (1998) compared postal and online questionnaires and suggested that there were no differences in the item variability and amount of incomplete data. Even so, there were variety of findings in the studies that compare the postal and online methods (e.g. Buchanan,2003 Epstein et al., 2001 Lewis et al., 2009).As umteen researchers begin to recognize the impending trend where network interactions progressively gain popularity among the universe of discourse, it is highly possible that electronic devices will play an active role in time. According to McDonald and Adam (2003), online technologies might include interactive television, handphones and 3D simulations touch screen devices. However in 1999, Dommeyer and Moriarty concluded that online data collection methods do not result in higher response levels and Cobanoglu et al. (2001) stated that postal survey was a common research method in year 2000. When exploring the s ocial downplay of the participants, mail response samples showed conventional and introvert profiles. Whereas, the online response samples showed profile of technology savvy group (Schillewaert Meulemeester, 2005). Clearly, penetration of technologies and adaptation of users are other important factors to run into by researchers while referring to the social-demographics pattern of the population.There were total of 89 questions in this study that may reduce the response rate significantly. Given the circumstances that nurses in the sample group have been busy at workplace and back home (handling household chore), they are less likely to participate in the study actively. In this case, question designs by researchers must be focused and short to extract required information and encourage participation. As pointed out in a pilot study carried out by Jepson et al. (2004) the threshold for questionnaire length on a favorable response rate was approximately 1000 words. In addition, E dwards et al. (2003) back up this hypothesis after the review of 251 relevant reports concluding that using shorter questionnaire increases response rate. In another word, questionnaire design is important to speed up returns. All things considered, founding father researchers consider the use of questionnaires are advised to refer experts and literature on the similar study ( Drummond et al., 2007 Dunn et al., 2002 Marshall, 2004 ).Then again, traditional research method such as postal survey costs more as compared to online survey. Postal cost includes those of printing, preparing mail cover and two way postage (MacDonald Adam, 2003 Mehta Sivadas, 1995 Weibie Wallace, 1998). Moreover, to improve postal questionnaire response rates few measures were introduced for examples including pencils and erasers in the postage package, sending reminder in the form of text messages or electronic mail. For the study on cost forte of including pencils and erasers, Aveyard et al. (2001) fo und that there was no benefit shown to set off the cost. Nevertheless, text messages as suggested can be conveniently implemented as a scheme to increase response rate by researchers because participants take shorter time to access text messages on phone than electronic mail ( Keding et al., 2016 Man et al., 2010).Conclusion alternative of data collection instrument is essential to enhance survey quality while taking into consideration the aspect of accuracy, cost and timeliness. Unfortunately, studies looking at comparative result among different data collection methods over the years has produced conflicting outcome (Weigold et al., 2013). In time, health care providers being the technologically sophisticated population may be able to provide higher response rate in web-based survey with the improvement of internet accessibility and successful technology betrothal (Weible Wallace, 1998). On the whole, ongoing study is required to monitor the evolution of health care research s o that the researchers can decide on the suitable method for their studies.

Number system is used in IT applications

Number system is employ in IT applicationsIn this documentation I live with discussed of how the application of round system is subroutine in IT applications in twain hardw ar and applications, operating system and in programming language. I have discussed about the use of base 2 in the 8 bit bytes found use with the operation for subnet. The use of hexadecimal form make doing memory and associationless inter field of operations Routing.There be come up of different numbering system which is in use for the unique ability to re bring out different total. Binary, octal, Denary and Hexadecimal argon number systems that are utilize in different aspects Denary number is the most commonly apply number system which is frequently used in daily life. Nevertheless each number system has associated benefits which are the reason that different number systems are used in different areas. Each of the number system has a fixedness number of representation of verse which are used t o represent the numbers same, say for example Binary numbers are delineated by both one or zero, Octal numbers are represented by numbers from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 whereas Denary and Hexadecimal numbers are represented by the number of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, 1,2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, respectively. Binary Numbers Binary numbers are mostly used when there are only two options available so if one is false then the other is true. Examples of binary program system plenty be their usage to represent bits in a computer which can have only 0 or 1 value a switch in a electric circuit which can be either on (1) or off (0). Binary system is widely used to represent situations in everyday normal life as well for example for electronic gates in electricity circuits, false or true statements can also be displaced in terms of binary digits where 0 represents false and 1 represents true states. Denary Numbers Denary numbers are frequently used in everyday life in accounting, calendar systems, financial systems or daily routine counting. The main benefits of Denary number system is that they are easier to use as compared to other number systems and have more than number to present different situations though Hexadecimal number system has more representations only that representation can include casings in them as well which makes them more trying to understand and use as compare to denary system. Denary number systems are so frequently used that a person even do not pick up to have a formal education to know or use them. One of the reasons can be that it is frequently use in daily life accounting. opposite number systems are used in more specified fields such as computing and hence would need to be learned. Octal Numbers Octal numbers are not that commonly used as compared to other numbers and are mostly used in computing graphics, text and famous operating system such as UNIX also uses octal numbers for their file protection system. Octal numbers have total of 8 unique representations which can be combined together to make more octal number representations. Octal numbers are difficult to understand for a normal person who has limited number of understanding about the number system. As after 7 different numbers are used to represent numbers from 7 onwards and hence they seem physically bit difficult to comprehend. The number system needs to use a subscript of 8 with is number to represented they are not Denary but octal number otherwise confusion can slow occurred. Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal number are used where there are more options which needs to be represented off and are mostly commonly used in computing to represent different memory locations. Since binary, octal and hexadecimal have representations which are powers of 2 (power of 0 in binary, 3 in octal and 4 in hexadecimal) hence that makes them more suitable to different situations, which require different number representations. They are positively contribute to the daily life and to the technology and logical world as well and needs to be understood properly if one needs to take prefer of such technology. Whilst the above gives uses of the binary, octal and hex number systems in different areas of IT and while some example are minded(p) the manager encourages you to research a wide range of examples for him to look at. Binary Number System used in ASCII table and IP Address Binary number system are also used in the ASCII table to represent different codes for different characters which then can be used into computing as well. ASCII number is more like a crew of binary numbers. Binary numbers are also used in IP visiting system again which is a combination of Binary number and are used in computing field. These IP addresses are of two different versions now one is known as IP 4 and other one is known as IP 6. These IP addresses are further sub divided into different classes such as class A, B and C where each c lass has a different number of bonifaces and network address. The ASCII character line up, each binary value between 0 and 127 is given a specific character. Most computers extend the ASCII characters set to use the full range of 256 characters available in a byte. The upper 128 characters handle special things like accented characters from common foreign languages. In ASCII character set, each character is represented by 7 bits when stored in the computer and in an extended ASCII character set, each character is represented by 8 bits. Say for example ASCII 0000000 represents NULL Similar the word HELLO if converted into binary using the ASCII to binary conversation could be represented as follows. 01001000 01000 ci 01001100 01001100 01001111(in decimal 72 69 76 79) Please refer an ASCII character table for further understanding of this conversion.Octal numbering system for file protection in UNIXEvery file or folder in UNIX has get to permission. There are terce types of permis sions (what allowed to do with a file) get a line Access Write Access Execute Access Permissions are defined for three types of users The owner of the file The group that the owner belongs to Other usersThus, UNIX file permission are nine bits of information (3 types x 3 type of users), each of them may have just one of two determine allowed or denied. Simply put, for each file it can be specified who can adopt or write from/to the file. For programs or scripts it also can be set if they are allowed to be executed. Textual representation like -rwxr-r-It is used in UNIX long directory listings. It consists of 10 characters. The first character shows the file type. Next 9 characters are permissions, consisting of three groups owner, groups, others. Each group consists of three symbols rwx (in this order), if some permission is denied, then a dash -is used instead. For example-rrwxrr-0123456789Symbol in the gear up 0 (-) is the type of the file. It is either d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link, or - if the item is a regular file. Symbols in positions 1 to 3 (rwx) are permissions for the owner of the file. Symbols in positions 4 to 6 (r) are permissions for the group. Symbols in positions 7 to 9 (r) are permissions for others. rRead access is allowedwWrite access is allowedxExecute access is allowedReplaces r, w or x if according access type is deniedNumeric (octal) representation like 664If a numeric representation is used (like in chmod-command, for example), then it is in the octal format (with the base of 8), and digits involved are 0 to 7. Octal format is used for the simplicity of understanding every octal digit combines read, write and execute permissions together. Respective access castigates for owner group and others (in this order) are the last three digits of the numeric file permissions representation. Example 0644. Here the second digit (6 in the example) stands for rights of the owner, the third digit (4 in the example) stan ds for rights of the group, the fourth digit (4 in the example) stands for rights of others. The below tales show what numeric values mean Octal digitText equivalentBinary valueMeaning0000All types of access are denied1x001Execute access is allowed only2-w-010Write access is allowed only3-wx011Write and execute access are allowed4r100Read access is allowed only5r-x101Read and execute access are allowed6rw-110Read and write access are allowed7rwx111Everything is allowedAccording to the above table we can see that 1 stands for execute only, 2 stands for write only, 4stands for read only. To combine the permission you can simply add 1, 2 and 4 to get a needed combination. For instance, to get read and write permission, you add 4 (read) and 2 (write), thus getting 6 (read and write). To get read and execute permissions, you add 4 (read) and 1 (execute), this getting 5 (read and execute). Example 755 on a file would mean rwx r-x r-w permission on the file. Simply convert the octal number to the binary equivalent and enable the permission where the bits are 1. 755 would mean 111 101 101 In addition there is one more octet representing the Set user ID, set group ID, sticky bit which works in a similar way. Octal digitBinary valueMeaning0000setuid, setgid, sticky bits are cleared1001sticky bit is set2010setgid bit is set3011setgid and sticky bits are set4100setuid bit is set5101setuid and sticky bits are set6110setuid and setgid bits are set7111setuid, setgid, sticky bits are setExplain the use of binary in IP addressing for both V4 and V6? Use of binary in IP addressing for V4 Each IP in a V4 IP addressing consists of 32 bits. These 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. An IP address is represented like this 172.12.12.46. A computer can understand only binary values and therefore each IP is stored in binary. Each octet is represented as follows. For example if the value of the first octet is 128, it would be represented as follows 128643216842110000000The refore an IP 128.128.128.128 would be stored as follows10000000 10000000 10000000 10000000Use of binary in IP addressing for V6 While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address place supports 2128(3.4 x 1038) addresses. This expansion allows for many more devices and user on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic. The IPv6 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries. Each 16-but block is then converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number, separated by colons. The resulting representation is called colon-hexadecimal. This is in contrast to the 32-bit IPv4 address represented in dotted-decimal format, divided along 8-bit boundaries, and then converted to its decimal equivalent, separated by periods. The following example shows a 128-bit IPv6 address in binary form 001000011101101000000000110100110000000000 00000000101111001110110000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010The following example shows this same address divided along 16-bit boundaries0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 00101111001110110000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010The following example shows each 16-bit block in the address converted to hexadecimal and delimitate with colons.21DA00D300002F3B02AA00FFFE289C5AIPv6 representation can be further simplified by removing the leading zeros within each 16-bit block. However, each block must have at least(prenominal) a single digit. The following example shows the address without the leading zerosJavascriptCodeSnippet_CopyCode(CodeSnippetContainerCode3)21DAD302F3B2AAFFFE289C5ABinary in describing class A, B and C IP addressesThe class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. All nodes on a given network share the same network prefix but mus t have a unique host number. frame A Network binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet) locate the network and the remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where 102 identifies the network and 168.212.226 identifies the host on that network.Class B Network binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. (The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine.) The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where 168.212 identifies the network and 226.204 identifies the host on that network.Class C Network binary addresses start with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where 200.168.212 identifies the network and 226 identifies the host on that network.Hexadecimal for addressing memoryMemory addresses are displayed as two hex numbers. An example is C8005. The part to the left of the colon (C800) is called the segment address, and the part to the right of the colon (5) is called the offset. The offset value can have as many as four hex digits. The actual memory address is calculated by adding a zero to the right of the segment address and adding the offset value, like this C8005 = C8000 + 5= C8005C8005 is called as the absolute or linear address of the memory. withal F000FFFD can be computed to get the following memory address.F0000+ FFFDFFFFD or 1,048,573(decimal)The Segment Offset addressing was introduced at a time when the largest register in a mainframe was only 16-bitslong which m eant it could address only 65,536 bytes (64 KB) of memory, directly. But everyone was hungry for a way to run much large programs Rather than create a CPU with larger register sizes (as some CPU manufacturers had done), the designers at Intel decided to keep the 16-bit registers for their new 8086 CPU and added a different way to access more memory They grow the instruction set, so programs could tell the CPU to grouptwo 16-bit registers together whenever they needed to refer to an Absolute memory location beyond 64 KB.Classless Inter Domain Routing Classless Inter Domain Routing. CIDR was invented several years ago to keep the internet from running out of IP addresses. The classful system of allocating IP addresses is very uneconomical. Anyone who could somewhat show a need for more that 254 host addresses was given a Class B address block of 65533 host addresses. Even more wasteful were companies and organisations that were allocated Class A address blocks, which contain over 16 Million host addresses Only a tiny percentage of the allocated Class A and Class B address space has ever been actually assigned to a host computer on the Internet.CIDR specifies an IP address range using a combination of an IP address and its associated network disguise. CIDR notation uses the following format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/n where n is the number of (leftmost) 1 bits in the mask. For example, 192.168.12.0/23 applies the network mask 255.255.254.0 to the 192.168 network, starting at 192.168.12.0. This notation represents the address range 192.168.12.0 192.168.13.255. Compared to traditional class-based networking, 192.168.12.0/23 represents an aggregation of the two Class C subnets 192.168.12.0 and 192.168.13.0 each having a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. In other words,192.168.12.0/23 = 192.168.12.0/24 + 192.168.13.0/24